Problematyka spędzania czasu wolnego w otoczeniu edukacyjnym w perspektywie zdrowotnej
stanowi istotny przedmiot zainteresowania wielu badaczy, m.in. pedagogów, psychologów, socjologów,
lekarzy. Temat ten jest szczególnie aktualny i ważny z uwagi na zachodzące przemiany społeczno-kulturowe
i niepokojące dane dotyczące zdrowia publicznego z perspektywy globalnej, z których wynika, że aż 70
procent studentów nie uczestniczy w regularnej aktywności fizycznej (Haase i in. 2004; Gordon-Larsen i in.
2004; Roberts i in. 2015). Celem artykułu jest ukazanie sposobu spędzania czasu wolnego w perspektywie
promowania zdrowego stylu życia studentów University of Oxford.
Allen K., Bullough S., Cole D., Shibli S., Wilson J., (2013), The impact of sport on graduate em-
ployability. Report from the Sport Industry Research Centre (SIRC), Sheffield Hallam Uni-
versity.
Anić P., Roguljić D., Švegar D., (2017), What do students do in their free time and why?, „Po-
lish Psychological Bulletin”, Vol. 48(4).
Barnett L., Wolf Klitzing S., (2006), Boredom in Free Time: Relationships with Personality, Af-
fect, and Motivation for Different Gender, Racial and Ethnic Student Groups, „Leisure
Sciences”, 28(3).
Bergen-Cico D., Viscomi J. (2008), Civic aspirations as a protective factor against college students’
abuse of alcohol, „Journal of College and Character” 10(2).
Biddle S.J.H., (1995), Exercise motivation across the lifespan. I S. Biddle, ed. European perspecti-
ves on exercise and sport psychology, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 3–25.
113
Marcin Gierczyk
Blumenthal J.A., Smith P.J., Hoffman B. M., (2013), Is Exercise a Viable Treatment for Depres-
sion?, „ACSMs Health Fit J.”, 16(4).
Brockliss L., (2016), The University of Oxford: A History, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Chen H., Yarnal C., Hustad J.T.P., Sims D., (2016), Take a Selfie of Life: A Qualitative Explora-
tion of College Students’ Self-Reflections on Free Time Use and Personal Values, „Journal
of College and Character”, 17(2).
Cohen-Gewerc E., Stebbins R.A., (2007), The pivotal role of leisure education: Finding personal
fulfillment in this century, State College, Venture.
Cushman G., Veal A., Zuzanek J., (2005), Free time and leisure participation. International per-
spectives, CABI, Canada.
Dalton J.C., Crosby P.C., (2011), Time on task: The critical role of self-regulating behavior in col-
lege student academic success and personal development, „Journal of College & Charac-
ter”, 12(3).
Deci E.L., Ryan R.M., (2008), Self-Determination Theory: A Macrotheory of Human Motivation,
Development, and Health, „Canadian Psychology” 49.
Deci E.L., Vallerand R.J., Pelletier L.G., Ryan R.M. (1991), Motivation in education: The self-de-
termination perspective, „The Educational Psychologist”, 26.
Desai M.N., Miller W.C., Staples B., Bravender T., (2008), Risk factors associated with overweight
and obesity in college students, „Journal of American College Health”, 57(1).
DiLorenzo T.M., Stucky-Ropp R.C., Vander Wal J.S., Gotham H.J., (1998), Determinants of exer-
cise among children. II. A longitudinal analysis, „Preventive Medicine”, 27(3).
Ding F., (2017), „Free in Time, Not Free in Mind”: First-Year University Students Becoming Mo-
re Independent, „Journal of College Student Development”, 58(4).
Dyrda B., (2012), Edukacyjne wspieranie rozwoju uczniów zdolnych. Studium społeczno-pedago-
giczne, Wydawnictwo Akademickie Żak, Warszawa.
Elgi T., Bland H.W.,. Melton B.F, Czech D.R., (2011), Influence of age, sex, and race on college
students’ exercise motivation of physical activity, „Journal of American College Health”, 59.
Flick U., (2010), Projektowanie badań jakościowych, PWN, Warszawa.
Fukukawa Y., Nakashima C., Tsuboi S., Kozakai R., Doyo W., Niino N., Ando F., Shimokata
H., (2004), Age differences in the effect of physical activity on depressive symptoms, „Psy-
chol Aging.”, 19.
Gordon-Larsen P., Nelson M.C., Popkin B.M., (2004), Longitudinal physical activity and seden-
tary behavior trends, „American Journal of Preventive Medicine”, 27.
Graham S.W., Gisi S.L., (2000), Adult undergraduate students: What role does college involve-
ment play?, „National Association of Student Personnel Administrators Journal”, 38(1).
Gromkowska-Melosik A., (2015), Elitarne szkolnictwo średnie. Między reprodukcją społeczno-kul-
turową a ruchliwością konkurencyjną, Wydawnictwo UAM, Poznań.
Haase A., Steptoe A.,. Sallis J.F., Wardle J., (2004), Leisure time physical activity in university stu-
dents from 23 countries: Associations with health beliefs, risk awareness and national eco-
nomic development, „Preventive Medicine”, 39.
Heszen I., Sęk S., (2007), Psycholgia zdrowia, PWN, Warszawa.
Knight G.L., (2014), Pop Culture Places: An Encyclopedia of Places in American Popular Cultu-
re, Santa Barbara.
Larson R., Hansen D., Moneta G., (2006), Profiles of developmental experiences in organized
youth activities, “Developmental Psychology”, 42.
Łachacz M., Cieślicka M., Zukow W., (2016), Formy spędzania czasu wolnego studentów wy-
branych kierunków Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, „Journal of Educa-
tion, Health and Sport”, 6(8).
114
Czas wolny studentów i promocja zdrowego stylu życia…
Merriam S.B., (1998), Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Franci-
sco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Routledge, Oxford.
Mokdad A.H., Marks J.S., Stroup D.F., Gerberding J.L., (2004), Actual causes of death in the Uni-
ted States, 2000, „The Journal of the American Medical Association”, 291(10).
Ortendahl M., (2006), Using time framing effects to improve health education, „International Jo-
urnal of Health Promotion and Education”, 44(3).
Perez de Cuellar, J. (1987), Statement, „World Leisure and Recreation” 29(1).
Pfeifer C., Cornelißen T., (2010), The impact of participation in sports on educational attainment:
New evidence from Germany, “Economics of Education Review”, 29.
Phillips D., (1985), Clerks of Oxenford: a new history of the University of Oxford, „Oxford Re-
view of Education”, 11(1).
Racette S.B., Deusinger S.S., Strube M.J., Highstein G.R., Deusinger R.H., (2005), Weight chan-
ges, exercise, and dietary patterns during freshman and sophomore years of college, „Jour-
nal of American College Health”, 53(6).
Roberts S., Reeves M., Ryrie A., (2015), The influence of physical activity, sport and exerci-
se motives among UK-based university students, „Journal of Further and Higher Edu-
cation”, 39(4).
Ryan R.M., Bernstein J.H., Brown K.W., (2010), Weekends, work, and well-being: Psychological
need satisfactions and day of the week effects on mood, vitality, and physical symptoms,
„Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology”, 29.
Seo D.C., Nehl E., Agley J., Ma S.M., (2007), Relations between physical activity and behavio-
ral and perceptual correlates among Midwestern college students, „Journal of American
College Health”, 56.
Tanner J., (2006), Recentering during emerging adulthood: A critical turning point in life span hu-
man development, [w:] Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century,
Arnett J., Tanner J. (red.), American Psychological Association. Washington.
Thoidis I., Pnevmatikos D., (2014), Non-formal education in free time: leisure- or work-orienta-
ted activity?, „International Journal of Lifelong Education”, 33(5).
Thompson B., Coronda G., Chen L., (2007), Prevalence and characteristics of smokers at 30 Pa-
cific Northwest colleges and universities, „Nicotine and Tobacco Research”, 9.
Tinto V., (1993), Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition (2nd ed.),
University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Wasilewska E. (2008), Statystyka opisowa nie tylko dla socjologów. SGGW, Warszawa.
Wechsler H., Lee J.E., Kuo M., Seibring M., Nelson T., Lee H., (2002), Trends in college bin-
ge drinking during a period of increased prevention efforts: Findings from four Harvard
School of Public Health College of Alcohol Study surveys, 1993–2001, „Journal of Ameri-
can College Health”, 50.
Wechsler H., Lee J.E., Kuo M., Seibring M., Nelson T., Lee H., (2002), Trends in college bin-
ge drinking during a period of increased prevention efforts: Findings from four Harvard
School of Public Health College of Alcohol Study surveys, 1993–2001, „Journal of Ameri-
can College Health”, 50.
Wigglesworth N., (1992), The Social History of English Rowing, London.
Willcoxson L., Cotter J., Joy S., (2011), Beyond the first-year experience: The impact on attrition
of student experiences throughout undergraduate degree studies in six diverse universities,
„Studies in Higher Education”, 36.
115
Marcin Gierczyk
Źródła internetowe
A students’ guide, https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/life/activeatoxford?wssl=1 (data pobrania:
10.02.2019).
Active lives adult survey November 16/17 report Published March 2018 https://www.sporten-
gland.org/media/13052/active-lives-adult-survey-nov-16-17-report.pdf (data pobrania:
10.03.2019).
Annual admissions statistical report, 2018 https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures/admis-
sions-statistics/undergraduate-students?wssl=1 (data pobrania: 31.05.2019).
British Active Students Survey, https://www.bucs.org.uk/news.asp?itemid=27839&itemTitle=Phy
sical+activity+holds+key+to+im-proving+student+mental+health+%96+new+study§
ion=8§ionTitle=News (data pobrania: 17.03.2019).
Mansfield L., Kay T., Meads C., Lindsay I., (2013), Understanding the Value of Sport and Physi-
cal Activity in Tertiary Education, https://sportscotland.org.uk/media-imported/820168/
sportscotland_evidence-review_bcshaw-finalplusforeword16-12-13.pdf (data pobrania:
17.03.2019).
Reunova M. (2013), Time-management as pedagogical technology, „The Emissia Offlineletters”,
nr 1; http://www.emissia.org/offline/2013/1947.htm (data pobrania: 28.06.019).
ployability. Report from the Sport Industry Research Centre (SIRC), Sheffield Hallam Uni-
versity.
Anić P., Roguljić D., Švegar D., (2017), What do students do in their free time and why?, „Po-
lish Psychological Bulletin”, Vol. 48(4).
Barnett L., Wolf Klitzing S., (2006), Boredom in Free Time: Relationships with Personality, Af-
fect, and Motivation for Different Gender, Racial and Ethnic Student Groups, „Leisure
Sciences”, 28(3).
Bergen-Cico D., Viscomi J. (2008), Civic aspirations as a protective factor against college students’
abuse of alcohol, „Journal of College and Character” 10(2).
Biddle S.J.H., (1995), Exercise motivation across the lifespan. I S. Biddle, ed. European perspecti-
ves on exercise and sport psychology, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 3–25.
113
Marcin Gierczyk
Blumenthal J.A., Smith P.J., Hoffman B. M., (2013), Is Exercise a Viable Treatment for Depres-
sion?, „ACSMs Health Fit J.”, 16(4).
Brockliss L., (2016), The University of Oxford: A History, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Chen H., Yarnal C., Hustad J.T.P., Sims D., (2016), Take a Selfie of Life: A Qualitative Explora-
tion of College Students’ Self-Reflections on Free Time Use and Personal Values, „Journal
of College and Character”, 17(2).
Cohen-Gewerc E., Stebbins R.A., (2007), The pivotal role of leisure education: Finding personal
fulfillment in this century, State College, Venture.
Cushman G., Veal A., Zuzanek J., (2005), Free time and leisure participation. International per-
spectives, CABI, Canada.
Dalton J.C., Crosby P.C., (2011), Time on task: The critical role of self-regulating behavior in col-
lege student academic success and personal development, „Journal of College & Charac-
ter”, 12(3).
Deci E.L., Ryan R.M., (2008), Self-Determination Theory: A Macrotheory of Human Motivation,
Development, and Health, „Canadian Psychology” 49.
Deci E.L., Vallerand R.J., Pelletier L.G., Ryan R.M. (1991), Motivation in education: The self-de-
termination perspective, „The Educational Psychologist”, 26.
Desai M.N., Miller W.C., Staples B., Bravender T., (2008), Risk factors associated with overweight
and obesity in college students, „Journal of American College Health”, 57(1).
DiLorenzo T.M., Stucky-Ropp R.C., Vander Wal J.S., Gotham H.J., (1998), Determinants of exer-
cise among children. II. A longitudinal analysis, „Preventive Medicine”, 27(3).
Ding F., (2017), „Free in Time, Not Free in Mind”: First-Year University Students Becoming Mo-
re Independent, „Journal of College Student Development”, 58(4).
Dyrda B., (2012), Edukacyjne wspieranie rozwoju uczniów zdolnych. Studium społeczno-pedago-
giczne, Wydawnictwo Akademickie Żak, Warszawa.
Elgi T., Bland H.W.,. Melton B.F, Czech D.R., (2011), Influence of age, sex, and race on college
students’ exercise motivation of physical activity, „Journal of American College Health”, 59.
Flick U., (2010), Projektowanie badań jakościowych, PWN, Warszawa.
Fukukawa Y., Nakashima C., Tsuboi S., Kozakai R., Doyo W., Niino N., Ando F., Shimokata
H., (2004), Age differences in the effect of physical activity on depressive symptoms, „Psy-
chol Aging.”, 19.
Gordon-Larsen P., Nelson M.C., Popkin B.M., (2004), Longitudinal physical activity and seden-
tary behavior trends, „American Journal of Preventive Medicine”, 27.
Graham S.W., Gisi S.L., (2000), Adult undergraduate students: What role does college involve-
ment play?, „National Association of Student Personnel Administrators Journal”, 38(1).
Gromkowska-Melosik A., (2015), Elitarne szkolnictwo średnie. Między reprodukcją społeczno-kul-
turową a ruchliwością konkurencyjną, Wydawnictwo UAM, Poznań.
Haase A., Steptoe A.,. Sallis J.F., Wardle J., (2004), Leisure time physical activity in university stu-
dents from 23 countries: Associations with health beliefs, risk awareness and national eco-
nomic development, „Preventive Medicine”, 39.
Heszen I., Sęk S., (2007), Psycholgia zdrowia, PWN, Warszawa.
Knight G.L., (2014), Pop Culture Places: An Encyclopedia of Places in American Popular Cultu-
re, Santa Barbara.
Larson R., Hansen D., Moneta G., (2006), Profiles of developmental experiences in organized
youth activities, “Developmental Psychology”, 42.
Łachacz M., Cieślicka M., Zukow W., (2016), Formy spędzania czasu wolnego studentów wy-
branych kierunków Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy, „Journal of Educa-
tion, Health and Sport”, 6(8).
114
Czas wolny studentów i promocja zdrowego stylu życia…
Merriam S.B., (1998), Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Franci-
sco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. Routledge, Oxford.
Mokdad A.H., Marks J.S., Stroup D.F., Gerberding J.L., (2004), Actual causes of death in the Uni-
ted States, 2000, „The Journal of the American Medical Association”, 291(10).
Ortendahl M., (2006), Using time framing effects to improve health education, „International Jo-
urnal of Health Promotion and Education”, 44(3).
Perez de Cuellar, J. (1987), Statement, „World Leisure and Recreation” 29(1).
Pfeifer C., Cornelißen T., (2010), The impact of participation in sports on educational attainment:
New evidence from Germany, “Economics of Education Review”, 29.
Phillips D., (1985), Clerks of Oxenford: a new history of the University of Oxford, „Oxford Re-
view of Education”, 11(1).
Racette S.B., Deusinger S.S., Strube M.J., Highstein G.R., Deusinger R.H., (2005), Weight chan-
ges, exercise, and dietary patterns during freshman and sophomore years of college, „Jour-
nal of American College Health”, 53(6).
Roberts S., Reeves M., Ryrie A., (2015), The influence of physical activity, sport and exerci-
se motives among UK-based university students, „Journal of Further and Higher Edu-
cation”, 39(4).
Ryan R.M., Bernstein J.H., Brown K.W., (2010), Weekends, work, and well-being: Psychological
need satisfactions and day of the week effects on mood, vitality, and physical symptoms,
„Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology”, 29.
Seo D.C., Nehl E., Agley J., Ma S.M., (2007), Relations between physical activity and behavio-
ral and perceptual correlates among Midwestern college students, „Journal of American
College Health”, 56.
Tanner J., (2006), Recentering during emerging adulthood: A critical turning point in life span hu-
man development, [w:] Emerging adults in America: Coming of age in the 21st century,
Arnett J., Tanner J. (red.), American Psychological Association. Washington.
Thoidis I., Pnevmatikos D., (2014), Non-formal education in free time: leisure- or work-orienta-
ted activity?, „International Journal of Lifelong Education”, 33(5).
Thompson B., Coronda G., Chen L., (2007), Prevalence and characteristics of smokers at 30 Pa-
cific Northwest colleges and universities, „Nicotine and Tobacco Research”, 9.
Tinto V., (1993), Leaving college: Rethinking the causes and cures of student attrition (2nd ed.),
University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Wasilewska E. (2008), Statystyka opisowa nie tylko dla socjologów. SGGW, Warszawa.
Wechsler H., Lee J.E., Kuo M., Seibring M., Nelson T., Lee H., (2002), Trends in college bin-
ge drinking during a period of increased prevention efforts: Findings from four Harvard
School of Public Health College of Alcohol Study surveys, 1993–2001, „Journal of Ameri-
can College Health”, 50.
Wechsler H., Lee J.E., Kuo M., Seibring M., Nelson T., Lee H., (2002), Trends in college bin-
ge drinking during a period of increased prevention efforts: Findings from four Harvard
School of Public Health College of Alcohol Study surveys, 1993–2001, „Journal of Ameri-
can College Health”, 50.
Wigglesworth N., (1992), The Social History of English Rowing, London.
Willcoxson L., Cotter J., Joy S., (2011), Beyond the first-year experience: The impact on attrition
of student experiences throughout undergraduate degree studies in six diverse universities,
„Studies in Higher Education”, 36.
115
Marcin Gierczyk
Źródła internetowe
A students’ guide, https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/life/activeatoxford?wssl=1 (data pobrania:
10.02.2019).
Active lives adult survey November 16/17 report Published March 2018 https://www.sporten-
gland.org/media/13052/active-lives-adult-survey-nov-16-17-report.pdf (data pobrania:
10.03.2019).
Annual admissions statistical report, 2018 https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/facts-and-figures/admis-
sions-statistics/undergraduate-students?wssl=1 (data pobrania: 31.05.2019).
British Active Students Survey, https://www.bucs.org.uk/news.asp?itemid=27839&itemTitle=Phy
sical+activity+holds+key+to+im-proving+student+mental+health+%96+new+study§
ion=8§ionTitle=News (data pobrania: 17.03.2019).
Mansfield L., Kay T., Meads C., Lindsay I., (2013), Understanding the Value of Sport and Physi-
cal Activity in Tertiary Education, https://sportscotland.org.uk/media-imported/820168/
sportscotland_evidence-review_bcshaw-finalplusforeword16-12-13.pdf (data pobrania:
17.03.2019).
Reunova M. (2013), Time-management as pedagogical technology, „The Emissia Offlineletters”,
nr 1; http://www.emissia.org/offline/2013/1947.htm (data pobrania: 28.06.019).